Adaptive on-line optimizing control of bioreactor systems

Several on-line optimizing control strategies were proposed and tested by computer simulation for the efficient operation of bioreactors. The control task was divided into two, one of which was to search for the optimal operating point and passed the set point to the lower layer of which task was to make the process output follow the set point as soon as possible. It was shown to be effective for the upper layer to express the objective function as a polynomial with respect to the measurement variable and to make use of it for finding the optimum point. Noting that the major dynamic characteristics of bioreactor system is the time-varying and nonlinear nature, the adaptive type control system is in evitable. It was shown to be quite effective to use discrete type self-tuning PID controller and the optimal controller compensated for the interaction between the control loops.Application was made to the cell recycle system for the production of lactic acid and baker's yeast cultivation. I was found from the former application that the control quality can be significantly improved by incorporating the decoupling strategy into the lower layer closed-loop system. It was also found from the latter application that the initial startup period can be significantly reduced by making use of the rough mathematical model.     

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: radioresistant IgE antibody-forming cells in infected rats

In Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infected rats, anti-N. brasiliensis IgE antibody production was observed at 20 weeks postinfection, long after the worms, as a source of antigen, had been expelled. The persistent IgE production was not abrogated after whole body irradiation (800 R) administered at 12 or 20 weeks, suggesting the participation of radioresistant IgE-forming cells. Help of T cells and recruitment of B memory cells in the irradiated rats seems to be ruled out by the findings that the irradiation completely inhibited the initiation of anti-N. brasiliensis IgE production in rats shortly after the infection with N. brasiliensis or after primary and secondary immunization with N. brasiliensis-antigen. Moreover, clearance of anti-N. brasiliensis IgE antibody from circulation did not seem to be crucially affected by the irradiation. The radioresistant cells forming anti-N. brasiliensis IgE were most productive in mesenteric lymph nodes as compared to other lymph nodes. The recognition of antigens fractionated by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 was the same for IgE-forming cells from rats 12 weeks after infection as for those from 3 weeks after infection. Based on these results, one of the mechanisms of persistent elevation of IgE antibody in the host infected with helminth parasites might be explained by the participation of radioresistant IgE-forming cells.     

Synthesis of human endothelin-1 precursors in Escherichia coli

Endothelin, the most potent vasoconstrictor found in nature, is thought to be important in the regulation of blood pressure and/or local blood distribution. Human placenta cDNA fragment encoding preproendothelin-1 (preproET-1) and its carboxyl terminal mature precursor (C-matured precursor) was expressed in E. coli. These products were characterized by both enzyme immunoassay and Western blot analysis.     

Amino acid sequence and relative biological activity of eel atrial natriuretic peptide

A peptide exhibiting vasodepressor and natriuretic activities in rats was isolated from eel atria, and its primary structure was determined as H-Ser-Lys-Ser-Ser-Ser-Pro-Cys-Phe-Gly-Gly-Lys-Leu-Asp-Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Ser- Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys-Asn-Ser-Arg-Lys-OH. This peptide, termed eel atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), has sequence homology of 59% to mammalian (human or rat) ANP, 52% to fowl ANP, and 46% to frog ANP. When the biological activity of synthetic eel ANP was compared with that of human ANP, the eel peptide was 110 times more potent for the vasodepressor activity in eels, nearly equipotent for the vasodepressor activity in quails, and 20 times less potent for the vasodepressor and natriuretic activity in rats.     

Two distinct types of endothelin receptors are present on chick cardiac membranes

Competitive displacement experiments of 125I-endothelin (ET)-1, -2, or -3 binding to chick cardiac membranes were performed with unlabeled ET-1, -2, -3, and sarafotoxin S6b (STX) as competitors. 125I-ET-1 and -2 binding was competitively inhibited by increasing concentrations of these unlabeled peptides in the same order; i.e. ET-2 greater than or equal to ET-1 greater than ET-3 greater than STX. In contrast, the order of potency in displacing 125I-ET-3 binding was ET-3 greater than ET-2 greater than or equal to ET-1 greater than STX. Affinity labeling of the membranes by cross-linking with 125I-ET-1 and -2 via disuccinimidyl tartarate yielded one major specific band with an apparent Mr = 53,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography. On the other hand, affinity labeling with 125I-ET-3 showed that two major and one minor bands of Mr = 34,000, 46,000, and 53,000, respectively, were specifically labeled. These results indicate the presence of two distinct types of ET receptors, one of which has higher affinity for ET-1 and -2 than ET-3 and the other is conversely ET-3-preferring.     

Induction of manganese superoxide dismutase by tumor necrosis factor in human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line and its TNF-resistant variant

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-resistant variant of human mammary cancer MCF-7 cell line was isolated by stepwise selection. The final TNF-resistant variant Tnf-1000 showed more than 100-fold higher resistance than the parental MCF-7 cell. Saturation kinetics for 125I-TNF binding showed that TNF-1000 cells had similar TNF receptor numbers as MCF-7 cells, but of a lower affinity. Induction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was compared between MCF-7 and Tnf-1000 cells treated with TNF: SOD scavenges potentially toxic superoxide radicals. TNF induced more mitochondrial manganese SOD (SODm) in MCF-7 than in Tnf-1000 whereas there appeared to be no significant induction of cytosolic copper/zinc SOD (SODc) by TNF in both MCF-7 and Tnf-1000 cell lines. Acquirement of TNF-resistance in MCF-7 cells might be correlated with expression of SODm.     

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in native Philippine cattle based on restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns

An analysis of patterns of cleavage of mtDNA by restriction endonucleases was performed for nine individuals from the Philippine population of native cattle. MtDNA polymorphisms were detected in the restriction patterns generated by the following six enzymes,BamHI,BglII,EcoRV,HindIII,PstI, andScaI. The restriction patterns showing polymorphisms were distributed nonrandomly among the nine individuals examined from the Philippine population of native cattle, indicating the existence of two separate types of mtDNA. These two types of mtDNA are very different from each other, at the level of subspecies. Since the native Philippine cattle are considered to represent an admixture of European and Indian cattle, the two types of mtDNA must be derived from the mtDNAs of both varieties. The polymorphic sites in mtDNA have been located on a restriction map, and the nucleotide substitutions at some of the sites have also been estimated.     

Immunohistochemical colocalization of glucagon,serotonin, and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in islet A cells of chicken pancreas

Summary The identity of monoamine-emitted, formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in some pancreatic islet cells was studied in pancreatic tissue of male chickens by fluorescence and immunohistochemistry either on the same tissue section or on serial tissue sections. Pancreatic islet cells emitting intense formaldehyde-induced fluorescence also react immunohistochemically with antisera directed against glucagon, serotonin and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. These results show that chicken pancreatic islet A cells contain glucagon, serotonin, and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of serotonin. The islet B cells identified with anti-insulin immunoreactivity, which displayed a very weak formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, did not react with anti-serotonin serum.